Today in History

1887 Tongariro mountains gifted to Crown

In February 1887, newspapers reported Ngati Tuwharetoa's proposal to gift the mountain tops of Tongariro, Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu to the Crown for the purpose of establishing a national park. The Te Aroha News suggested that the gift was 'one of the best proofs yet afforded of the gradual extinction of native superstition, for Tongariro has been strictly tapu'. In reality, the gift reflected Ngati Tuwharetoa's ongoing concern for its sacred mountains and efforts to protect them.

In early 1886 a Native Land Court hearing was held in Taupo to determine ownership of various blocks of land within Taupo-nui-a-Tia. Approximately 600 people attended, including the paramount chief of Ngati Tuwharetoa, Horonuku (Te Heuheu Tukino IV). Horonuku was reportedly concerned about the inclusion of the iwi's sacred mountains in the proceedings. In his book, The Tongariro National Park, historian James Cowan recounted Horonuku's concerns, as voiced to his son-in-law Lawrence Grace:

If our mountains of Tongariro are included in the blocks passed through the Court in the ordinary way, what will become of them? They will be cut up and perhaps sold, a piece going to one pakeha and a piece to another. They will become of no account, for the tapu will be gone. Tongariro is my ancestor, my tupuna; it is my head; my mana centres round Tongariro. My father's bones lie there today. You know how my name and history are associated with Tongariro. I cannot consent to the Court passing these mountains through in the ordinary way. After I am dead, what will be their fate? What am I to do about them?

Grace, a member of the House of Representatives for Tauranga, reportedly advised Horonuku that the only way to preserve the mountains 'as places out of which no person shall make money' was to 'make them a tapu place of the Crown, a sacred place under the mana of the Queen'.

The suggestion was placed before the Judge, Major Scannell, and 'by common consent the mountain tops were left in the hands of Horonuku and his family'. A preliminary deed of gift offering the peaks to the Crown was drawn up, signed by Horonuku, and sent to the government. The peaks were formally offered to the government in a deed signed the following year.

The 1887 gift of 6518 acres (approximately 2600 hectares) became the 'nucleus of the proposed Tongariro National Park' – the first national park in New Zealand and the fourth in the world. Over the next 20 years the government sought to obtain further land with which to establish the park. It was formally constituted by Act of Parliament in 1894 but not gazetted until 1907, when sufficient land was in Crown title.

Horonuku's 'gift' of the mountain peaks is currently being considered by the Waitangi Tribunal as part of the National Park inquiry.

Painting: Lake Taupo with Tongariro National Park in the distance