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HMS New Zealand begins tour of NZ

In 1909 Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward announced that New Zealand would fund the construction of a battlecruiser to be gifted to the Royal Navy. Construction of the battlecruiser HMS New Zealand cost £1.7 million (equivalent to $261 million in 2010). With 26 guns and 800 crew, the ship was commissioned for service in November 1912.

HMS New Zealand arrived in Wellington on 12 April 1913 as part of a 10-week tour during which an estimated 500,000 New Zealanders inspected their gift to Mother England. Ten sailors deserted in Auckland, while Dunedin sightseers had to be ferried out to the heads because the ship was too large to enter Otago Harbour.

The ship’s captain was presented with a piupiu (flax kilt) and greenstone tiki (pendant) which was intended to ward off evil. Captain Green wore both items during the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, when the ship escaped significant damage and casualties. This action earned HMS New Zealand a reputation as a lucky ship, which some attributed to the piupiu and tiki.

In 1919, when Admiral Jellicoe took a Royal Navy fleet on another tour of the dominions to report on their defences, he chose HMS New Zealand as his flagship. In New Zealand, crowds once more flocked to visit the ship. More than a third of the country’s population of 1.1 million people went aboard during the 11 weeks it was here.

Now obsolescent, HMS New Zealand became a casualty of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. The vessel was decommissioned and sold for scrap in 1923. New Zealand did not finish paying for it until 1944.

Image: HMS New Zealand in Wellington

A Navy Commanding Officer describes D-Day

Jack Ingham, from Petone, was the commanding officer on a Royal Navy landing craft. Here he describes his journey across the English Channel on D-Day.

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Transcript

Well the wind was easing, the seas weren’t quite as bad, and about midnight came the drone overhead. Hundreds and hundreds of planes going across. This was the bombers first, they were going to do what damage they could on the beaches, and then the clouds parted every now and again, and you could see the shapes going over, hundreds and hundreds of planes. And then there was a lull, and then another batch of planes came across, and they made a different noise from the bombers, and these were the gliders and the parachutists, and when they were going we knew we were getting close to France by that time ... As dawn was breaking, and each second that it got lighter there’d be more ships you could see further out, just an amazing sight. Ships of all shapes and sizes and very comforting to see the big battleships there. Yes.

So the sea was really thick with them?

It was thick with them.

Jack Ingham in 2004

Jack Ingham interviewed by Alison Parr, 13 October 2004. Ministry for Culture and Heritage D-Day Oral History Project.

Images from Jack Ingham collection.

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Sound: Able Seaman remembers the Italian campaign

Campaign memories: Joseph Pedersen, Sicily

Able Seaman Joseph Pedersen, RNZN 2337, joined the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy in 1940. He trained at HMS Philomel in Auckland before going to the United Kingdom for more training. He then joined HMS Walker on convoy duty in the North Atlantic as an ASDIC rating. In 1942 he was posted to the destroyer, HMS Lookout on which he served in the Mediterranean and in the Allied invasion of Sicily in September 1943 as he describes here.

Hear Joseph Pedersen speaking about his time at Sicily.

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'These landings in Sicily and bloody Italy, they were tremendous. They reckoned they had about two thousand ships there. Well, you consider all that. There was the mine sweepers first, and then there was the destroyers and sloops and frigates and there was the cruisers. We were with the cruisers most of the time, but you couldn't see the battleships, but they were there. Because you could hear their shells whistling above you. But what got me was - the whole of the beach must be, what, ten miles long ... The British section was about as big as Orewa beach but then the Yanks was about three or four times as big as that. They were further down, on the flat. We were up in, sort of sat in the hill. There'd be waves of planes - the whole horizon, you'd see dots coming over and they'd be planes. There'd be groups of hundreds of them. Be a hundred there, a hundred there, a hundred there, a hundred there. And then behind that, there'd be another hundred and a hundred. Right from the horizon. They were pattern bombing... God, it was a wonderful sight to see...'

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Military parade outside Parliament, 1940

Troops of the Second Echelon of 2NZEF and sailors of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve parade at Parliament, Wellington, on 27 April 1940, shortly before their departure. They are seen here in front of Government Buildings, following Governor General Lord Galway's presentation of medals to sailors from HMS Achilles.

Alexander Turnbull Library
Reference: 1/4-049242
Further information and copies of this image may be obtained from the Library through its 'Timeframes' website, http://timeframes.natlib.govt.nz
Permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New Zealand, Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, must be obtained before any re-use of this image.

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Description of carnage on Omaha Beach, D-Day

O'Brien Reeve

O'Brien Reeve travelled from New Zealand to England as a volunteer for the Royal Navy. Before D-Day he had specialist training in Combined Operations – army, navy and air force – and he became a flotilla officer. On D-Day he was in charge of a dozen landing craft transporting American troops to Omaha Beach.

Carnage at Omaha Beach

The Allies had not expected Omaha Beach to be as heavily defended as it was, and casualties were very high. Thousands were killed there on D-Day and O'Brien Reeve remembers the scene vividly. Over the following days the crew became numbed to the cost of the battle. In this sound file O'Brien Reeve talks about casualties.

Transcript

I know we became almost immune to the scene of bodies floating – and I'm not trying to be dramatic about this. For example, an American landing craft would go by and tell us that a British body was floating in XYZ position, and we'd go and have a look at it and say 'Oh no, it's an American body,' and just leave it. Terrible thing. 'Cos you know when you pick up a body that's been in the water for a while, the flesh just comes away. Terrible business.

If they were British bodies would you go to find them?

We'd pick them up, put a hammock underneath them and lift them up. Whether we took them aboard or not, I don't know. We wouldn't have taken some of them aboard, we'd just sink them.

Because they were so disintegrated?

That's right.

Images

O'Brien Reeve, flotilla officer, Royal Navy, 1944

O'Brien Reeve, 2004

O'Brien Reeve interviewed by Alison Parr. Ministry for Culture and Heritage D-Day Oral History project.

Images from O'Brien Reeve collection

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NZ Division of the Royal Navy

The SMS Wolf

The First World War experience convinced defence minister James Allen that New Zealand’s approach to naval defence had been on the right lines. The escort requirements of 1914, the intrusion of the German armed merchant raider Wolf into New Zealand waters in 1917, and the demonstrated importance of seapower – all pointed in the direction of re-instituting the pre-war policy of creating a local navy. Allen’s views were strongly reinforced by the advice of one of the Empire’s premier naval personalities, Lord Jellicoe, in 1919.

Lord Jellicoe

Jellicoe arrived in New Zealand aboard HMS New Zealand, as part of his mission to advise dominion governments on post-war naval defence. Jellicoe’s report set out a strategic arrangement within which a New Zealand navy could play a role. His influence would continue after he returned to New Zealand in 1920 as governor-general.

New Zealand Division established

In the meantime the government pressed ahead with administrative arrangements for the New Zealand naval forces. An order-in-council in March 1921 created a naval board to control local naval activities. Three months later, on 20 June 1921, another formally constituted the ‘New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy’, with a small staff, the Navy Office, in Wellington. A New Zealand volunteer naval reserve would be established in 1925, and by 1939 it numbered 670 men.

HMS Chatham

By this time HMS Philomel had long since been de-commissioned. The ship was so decrepit by 1917 that it was returned to New Zealand as no longer fit for active service. It became an administrative and training depot, initially in Wellington. As a replacement Prime Minister William Massey secured the cruiser HMS Chatham, which arrived in New Zealand in January 1921, under the command of Captain Alan Hotham. Hotham became first naval member of the naval board.

Devonport Naval Base

Washing clothes on HMS Philomel

The already existing naval facilities at Devonport, including the Calliope Dock, and Auckland’s location in relation to the Pacific Islands to the north made it the logical place for the New Zealand division’s base. Philomel moved north to the base, where it became a longstanding feature as a non-seagoing depot.

D-class cruisers

The strength of New Zealand’s navy was greatly enhanced in 1924 with the arrival of two D-class oil-burning cruisers, HMS Dunedin and Diomede, to replace the coal-burning Chatham. An oiler, RFA Nucula, was acquired to support these ships. The division also included the Castle-class minesweeper HMS Wakakura.

Pursuing the Mau in 1930 - slideshow

Dunedin and Diomede were both deployed to Western Samoa in 1928 to support the New Zealand administration, which had come under pressure from a Samoan nationalist movement known as the Mau. Dunedin returned in early 1930 following a riot in which a number of Samoans and one policeman had been killed. Naval personnel were deployed ashore to round up Mau personnel. Naval forces also provided aid to civil authorities back home – during the Napier Earthquake in 1931 and in response to Depression riots in Auckland in the following year.

Modernisation

HMS Achilles at Aotea Quay

In the mid-1930s the naval forces were significantly upgraded with the replacement of the D-class cruisers with more modern Leander-class cruisers, HMS Achilles and Leander. As previously, the ships were borrowed from the Royal Navy with New Zealand paying their running costs. Almost immediately the new cruisers were involved in British deployments in the Middle East in response to the Abyssinian (Ethiopian) crisis.

The New Zealand Division still depended on the Royal Navy to make up the shortfall in its manning. In 1939, only eight of its 82 officers were New Zealanders. Of the 1257 ratings, 541 were loaned British personnel.

British naval operations around Crete, 20 May-1 June 1941

See detailed map here:

Evacuation timeline, 22 May - 1 June 1941

Timeline detailing the evacuation of Allied forces from Crete by the British Mediterranean Fleet, 22 May – 1 June 1941.

22–23 May – Ay Roumeli: Destroyers HMS Decoy and HMS Hero embarked King George II of Greece, other ‘important personages’ and a platoon of 18th Battalion, 4th (NZ) Brigade.
23–24 May – Suda Bay: Destroyers HMS Jaguar and HMS Defender landed stores and ammunition. Embarked 60 non-essential personnel and wounded.
24–25 May – Suda Bay: Minelayer HMS Abdiel landed 200 men of Layforce and 80 tons of stores. Embarked about 50 wounded and four Greek cabinet ministers.
26–27 May – Suda Bay: Abdiel and destroyers Hero and HMAS Nizam landed 750 men of Layforce and stores. Embarked ‘930 merchant seamen, some naval people and others not needed’.
28–29 May – Heraklion: Force B under Rear-Admiral Henry Rawlings – cruisers HMS Orion, HMS Ajax, HMS Dido, and destroyers Decoy, HMS Jackal, HMS Imperial, HMS Hotspur, HMS Kimberley and HMS Hereward – embarked British garrison. Imperial and Ajax damaged by near misses on outward voyage – Ajax returned to Alexandria. Imperial broke down on return voyage and was sunk. Hereward sunk by direct hit. Orion received several hits and near misses. Dido severely damaged. Heavy losses included crew of Hereward and Captain Geoffrey Back of Orion. About 600 evacuated troops killed or captured (picked up by Italian torpedo boats); 3486 troops landed in Alexandria.
28–29 May – Sfakia: Destroyers Nizam, HMAS Napier, HMS Khandahar, and HMS Kelvin embarked 724 troops plus 20 miscellaneous persons, ‘including Greeks, women, children, and a dog’ – report of Captain Stephen Arliss (Napier).
29–30 May – Sfakia: Cruisers HMS Phoebe, HMAS Perth, HMS Calcutta, HMS Coventry, destroyers HMS Jervis, HMS Hasty and HMS Janus, and Landing Ship HMS Glengyle embarked members of Creforce. Perth sustained a direct hit and several near misses; four crew and nine soldiers killed; 6029 troops landed at Alexandria.
30–31 May – Sfakia: Destroyers Nizam, Kelvin, Khandahar and Napier sent to Crete. Khandahar broke down, Kelvin was damaged by a near miss on the outward voyage and both returned to Alexandria. Napier was damaged by a near miss on the return voyage; 1510 troops landed at Alexandria.
31 May – 1 June – Sfakia: Cruiser Phoebe, destroyers Kimberley, Hotspur and Jackal, and minelayer Abdiel embarked members of Creforce. Not attacked; 3710 troops landed at Alexandria. Sunderland flying boats evacuated 54 senior officers, including Major-General Bernard Freyberg and Major-General E.C. Weston.

Allowing for men killed on passage and for probable miscounting on disembarkation it is believed that about 17,000 troops were evacuated.

Map from D.M. Davin, Crete, War History Branch, Wellington, 1953

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Tauranga naval NZ Wars memorial

Naval Memorial, Mission (Old Military) Cemetery, Tauranga.

Mission Cemetery – also known as Military, or Old Military, Cemetery – is the oldest European burial ground in the Bay of Plenty city of Tauranga. Located on Marsh Street (near the harbour bridge) at the northern end of Te Papa Peninsula, the cemetery is situated on a rocky promontory overlooking the harbour. It stands on the site once occupied by the Ngāi Te Rangi pā of Otamataha.

The cemetery is thought to contain the remains of about 100 imperial and colonial troops and 14 Maori warriors who died on active service in the Tauranga district during the New Zealand Wars. This memorial cross is dedicated to 10 seamen and marines from HMSs Curacoa, Esk, Harrier and Eclipse who were killed in action or died of wounds received in the heavy British defeat at Pukehinahina (Gate Pā) on 29 April 1864.

The government sent troops to Tauranga in early 1864 to prevent reinforcements and supplies reaching Kingite forces in Waikato through the Bay of Plenty. Colonel George Carey landed at Te Papa on 22 January with some 600 men and orders not to antagonise the local Māori. Monmouth and Durham redoubts were constructed to protect the large military camp at Te Papa (now the Tauranga CBD).

In response, Ngāi Te Rangi and Ngāti Ranginui men fighting in the Waikato returned home to Tauranga. Led by Rāwiri Puhirake of Ngāi Te Rangi, they began a campaign of provocation designed to entice the British force at Te Papa to attack them at a place of their choosing.

Puhirake’s men built two well-fortified pā. The first, at Te Waoku, near the Waimapu River, was some distance inland and failed to elicit a British response. The second, Pukehinahina, was only 4 km from the British camp. Situated on the boundary between mission land and Māori territory, it became known as Gate Pā.

British reinforcements and General Duncan Cameron were sent to Tauranga. By 26 April 1864, Cameron commanded 1700 troops at Camp Te Papa. Two days later the British force, including a 420-strong Naval Brigade, surrounded Gate Pā. They faced about 235 defenders – mostly Ngāi Te Rangi supported by Ngāti Pāoa and other Hauraki and Waikato men – led by Puhirake.

British artillery began bombarding Gate Pā on the afternoon of 28 April. Twenty-four hours later, Cameron ordered a frontal assault by 300 men, among whom were 150 sailors and marines led by Commander Edward Hay of HMS Harrier. The attackers quickly gained entry to the pā, but standing on top of the earthworks they were vulnerable to fire from defenders hidden in underground bunkers and trenches.

Many officers were quickly killed or wounded. High-ranking naval fatalities included Hay, Captain John Hamilton of HMS Esk, and Lieutenant Charles Hill of HMS Curacoa. Their graves are in Mission Cemetery.

Some Māori, prevented from retreating by men of the 68th Regiment positioned behind the pā, rushed back inside the defences. In the confusion, and having lost much of their leadership, the attackers fled and became mixed up with reserves who had been sent forward in support. Cameron was forced to withdraw all his troops.

On the night of 29 April, Gate Pā’s defenders escaped through the British lines. British casualties included 35 men dead or mortally wounded, and another 75 wounded. Māori reports put their dead at 20 to 25 men.

The extent of the defeat shocked New Zealand’s settler community and the military and political establishment. However the British soon exacted terrible vengeance, crushing Puhirake’s forces at Te Ranga on 21 June.

Thirty-three British casualties of Gate Pā were buried at Mission Cemetery on 2 May 1864. A wooden memorial cross commemorating 10 seamen and marines killed at Gate Pā is believed to have been erected by 1870. Some 60 years later, on 6 August 1931, the Naval Secretary in Wellington complained about the condition of the wooden cross. Later that month district engineers – convinced that it would soon collapse – recommended that the cross be replaced by a concrete slab. With no money available, the cross was instead repaired by seamen from HMS Veronica on 17 January 1932.

After more complaints from the Naval Department, a replacement memorial was finally approved in November 1941. Yet on 3 August 1960 the wooden cross was reportedly still in place and in bad shape. Its replacement was again approved on 16 January 1961.

This 2-m-high concrete cross was finally erected in 1964, 33 years after a replacement memorial had first been approved. The wooden cross was removed to the private chapel of the former mission station, now known as The Elms, where it remains today.

The 10 men commemorated are: Ordinary Seaman James Harris from HMS Curacoa; Royal Marines Light Infantry Sergeant J. (or Henry) Harding from HMS Eclipse; Quartermaster William Dalton, Ordinary Seaman Richard Fuller and Stoker William C. Leigh (or Eigh) from HMS Esk; Ordinary Seaman (or Boy) Henry Clark, Stoker Andrew Greenem (possibly Greenhorn or Greenham) and Able Seaman George Young from HMS Harrier; and Gunner George Watt and Royal Marines Light Infantry Private Levi Kent from HMS Miranda.

Of these men, only George Watt is also commemorated with a memorial ground plaque in Mission Cemetery. However, the names of all 10 appear on the 1st Waikato Militia memorial, which stands nearby. Nine of the names (the exception is Levi Kent) are found on official casualty lists.

Additional images

Inscription

Sacred / to / the memory of the seamen and / marines who were killed or died / of wounds received in action / at / Pukehinahina / April 29th 1864 / J. Harris L. Kent / W. Dalton G. Watt / R. Fuller W. Leigh / A. Greenem H. Clark / H. Harding P. Young / This cross was erected in 1964 to replace the / original wooden cross faithfully maintained / for 100 years by the officers and men of the / Royal Navy and the Royal New Zealand Navy

Further information

‘The Attack on the Gate Pa. Further Particulars. (From our Special Correspondent)’, Daily Southern Cross, 31 May 1864
James Belich, ‘The Tauranga Campaign’, in The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian interpretation of racial conflict, Penguin, Auckland, 1998, pp. 177–200
A.C. Bellamy, Tauranga: 1882–1982, Publicity Printing Ltd, Tauranga, 1982
James Cowan, ‘Gate Pa and Te Ranga’, in The New Zealand Wars: a history of the Maori campaigns and the pioneering period: volume I: 1845–1864, R.E. Owen, Wellington, 1955, pp. 421–40
Gilbert Mair, The Story of Gate Pa, April 29th, 1864, Bay of Plenty Times, Tauranga, 1937
Nigel Prickett, ‘The Tauranga Campaign, 1864’, in Landscapes of conflict: a field guide to the New Zealand Wars, Random House, Auckland, 2002, pp. 87–95
Chris Pugsley, ‘Walking the Waikato Wars: The Maori Triumph at Gate Pa: 29 April 1864’, New Zealand Defence Quarterly, no. 19 (Summer 1997), pp. 32–8
Jinty Rorke, ‘Puhirake, Rawiri - Biography’, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 1 September 2010.
Royal New Zealand Navy, ‘HMS Veronica’, Royal New Zealand Navy Museum
The Elms Foundation, ‘The Elms Mission Station’, The Elms Historic Heritage Site

Images: Margaret Marks, 2009

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Rangiriri Naval NZ Wars memorial

Rangiriri is a small town on State Highway 1, 17 km north of Huntly in Waikato. Here, on 20 November 1863, British troops and Waikato Māori sustained more casualties than in any other engagement during the New Zealand Wars. ‘Bloody Rangiriri’ was the decisive battle of the Waikato War. This memorial records the names of the officer and five seamen of the Royal Navy ships HMS Curaçoa and HMS Harrier who died in the assault.

On the afternoon of 20 November, Lieutenant-General Duncan Cameron attacked Rangiriri with some 1400 imperial troops. Their number included a naval brigade of about 100 officers and men from HMS Eclipse, Curaçoa and Miranda under the command of the Curaçoa’s Lieutenant Alexander.

The Rangiriri line was manned by about 500 defenders from tribes including Ngāti Mahuta, Ngātiteata, Ngāti Hine, Patupou, Ngāti Pāoa and Ngati Hauā. Despite success elsewhere along the line, the British failed in at least eight attempts to take the central redoubt before nightfall.

Historian James Cowan captures the sense of desperation in the naval brigade’s assault:

This [earlier] repulse only strengthened Cameron’s stubborn resolution to take the redoubt, and another assault was ordered. This time the Royal Navy men were selected for the forlorn hope. Captain Mayne, of H.M.S. “Eclipse,” was directed to make a frontal attack with ninety sailors of the Naval Brigade, consisting of portions of the crews of the “Eclipse,” “Curaçoa,” and “Miranda.” The bluejackets, with rifle and cutlass, dashed at the works and endeavoured to swarm up the straight-scarped parapet, but once more the stormers were thrown back, and dead and dying men strewed the ditch and the ground in front of it. A few reached the top of the parapet. Midshipman Watkins was one of them; he fell back into the trench with a bullet through his head. Commander Mayne was severely wounded in the left hip; Lieutenant Downes, of H.M.S. “Miranda,” was shot through the left shoulder; and two officers of the “Curaçoa” suffered bad wounds, Lieutenant Alexander in the right shoulder and Lieutenant C. F. Hotham (afterwards Admiral) in the right leg.

When this attack failed a party of seamen, under Commander Phillimore, of the “Curaçoa,” charged up to the ditch and threw hand-grenades over into the redoubt, but this attempt did not alter the position. In the Naval Brigade was Midshipman C. G. Foljambe (“Curaçoa”), afterwards Earl of Liverpool and father of a recent Governor of New Zealand. He and his comrades made several attempts to scale the parapet, but the task was hopeless.

The British suffered 130 casualties at Rangiriri. Of these, six officers and 41 men were killed in action or died later from their wounds. The officers, including Midshipman Thomas Watkins of HMS Curaçoa, were buried in Auckland’s Grafton Cemetery.

Many of the troops were buried at Rangiriri, probably according to regiment. It was later reported that ‘the dead were sewn up in blankets, and buried in rows only divided by a small space from the last resting-place of the enemy’s slain. Side by side they sleep in peace.’ The Māori church adjacent to the burial ground in Daniel Manders Beere’s 1864 photograph of the scene was built sometime before the battle.

Close examination of two of Beere’s photographs confirms that four of the five seamen killed in the assault on Rangiriri were buried together. James Woods and William Tidy of HMS Curaçoa, and Frederick Osborne and David Downer of HMS Harrier, were buried under the large white cross that is prominent in Beere’s photographs. It is not known exactly where in the cemetery the remains of the fifth seaman, Richard Stevenson (or Stephenson), were laid to rest.

This granite memorial is the second naval memorial to be erected at Rangiriri. In about 1999 it replaced an earlier monument, comprising a plain white marble obelisk on a series of plinths, which had been erected sometime before 1896.

Additional images

Inscription

Front face:
Erected / in memory of / the officer / and seamen of / the Royal Navy / who lost their / lives at the / storming of / Rangiriri on / 20 November 1863

Obverse face:
H.M.S. Curacoa / Mr T.A. Watkins / Midshipman / James Woods / Quartermaster / William Tidy / Able Seaman / Richard Stephenson / Boy 1st Class / H.M.S. Harrier / Frederick Osborne / 2nd Captain of the Fore Top / David Downer / Private R[oyal]. M[arines]. L[ight]. I[nfantry].

Further information

Extract from ‘Local & General’, Otago Witness, 26 March 1896
‘The Battle of Rangiriri’, Evening Post, 6 June 1896
James Belich, ‘Rangiriri’, in The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian interpretation of racial conflict, Penguin, Auckland, 1998, pp. 142–57
James Cowan, ‘The Battle of Rangiriri’, in The New Zealand Wars: a history of the Maori campaigns and the pioneering period: volume I: 1845–1864, R.E. Owen, Wellington, 1955, pp. 326–35 (includes a plan of the Maori entrenchments and a cross-section of the central redoubt, pp. 328–9)
Nigel Prickett, ‘The Waikato War, 1863–64’, in Landscapes of conflict: a field guide to the New Zealand Wars, Random House, Auckland, 2002, pp. 69–86
Chris Pugsley, ‘Walking the Waikato Wars: Controversy at Rangiriri: 20 November 1863’, New Zealand Defence Quarterly, no. 15 (Summer 1996), pp. 31–7

Images: Margaret Marks 2008; Jock Phillips and Chris Maclean, c. 1986

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The New Zealand White Ensign

Ships and commissioned shore establishments of the Royal New Zealand Navy fly the New Zealand White Ensign.

This flag has the Union Jack in the first quarter, on a white background. The Southern Cross, represented by four five-pointed red stars, appears in the fly.

In 1968 the New Zealand White Ensign replaced the British White Ensign that had previously been used by ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy.

It is flown by ships and commissioned shore establishments of the Royal New Zealand Navy

Credit:

Wikipedia

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